- 1. Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
- 2. Generic Structure of Discussion
- Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
- List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
- List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
- Recommendation; stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse
- 3. Language Feature of Discussion
- Introducing category or generic participant
- Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
- Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
- Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
- Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
I copied this text from http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/04/health/6-hour-workday-sweden-glasgow/index.html
A six-hour workday could be good for you -- and your employer
By Susie East, CNN
Updated 1501 GMT (2301 HKT) November 4, 2016
Story highlights
· A Swedish trial found workers are healthier and more productive when working six-hour days
· Studies show that overworking could increase the risk of coronary heart disease by 40%
(Statement of Issue)
(CNN) It may sound counterintuitive, but working less could actually result in higher productivity. Seriously.
(Supporting and Contrastive Points)
Although many of us continue the tradition of working at least eight hours per day, with an hour's break in the middle -- if we're lucky -- a recent study found that productivity is actually highest when people spend fewer hours working, according to researchers at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, which examined working hours in several countries over a period of 22 years.
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In fact, one paper (PDF) suggested that output actually starts to fall if people work more than 48 hours per week. Data on munition plant workers in Britain during World War I showed that long hours led to fatigue and stress that not only reduce productivity, they make accidents, errors and sickness more likely.
A hundred years later, we're still facing the same issues. Today, working overtime has been linked (PDF) to higher rates of injury, illness, weight gain, alcohol use and smoking and, in general, an increased risk of mortality. One study found that putting in long hours could result in a 40% higher likelihood of coronary heart disease, compared with people who work standard hours.
Reducing our working hours could, therefore, make a huge difference to our health and well-being, in turn enabling us to work more efficiently. In Sweden, this theory is being put to the test -- with promising results.
Stress-free in Sweden
In the Svartedalen elderly care home in Gothenburg, 68 nurses are working six-hour shifts in a22-month trial (PDF) led by researchers at Pacta Guideline, a consultancy company for the public sector in Sweden. The nurses have been working these hours since February 2015.
The researchers are monitoring the nurses' health and productivity and comparing this against a control group working in a similar facility which is clocking in 38-hour weeks.
The city of Gothenburg decided to run the trial in 2014 to learn what reduced working hours could mean for the country's economy and job market, as well as the effects they could have on employees and, in this case, the elderly residents they were looking after.
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"The nurses in the trial have better health," said Bengt Lorentzon, a researcher on the project. "They are all much calmer and more alert."
After 18 months of working these six-hour days, 77% of nurses reported good health -- compared with 49% in the control group -- and members of the trial group have taken almost three times fewer sick days.
Being in good health is especially important when it comes to care work, Lorentzon says. For these nurses, this involves feeding the elderly, taking them for walks and building caring relationships. This is more effective if the nurses are there regularly and not taking time off because of illness or stress, as they can build a rapport with their clients, which is especially helpful when caring for people with dementia.
Less stress, more productivity
In addition to less sickness, the nurses working shorter days have been getting a lot more done, according to the report, providing 80% more activities for the elderly than the control group. This includes things like comforting them, singing, dancing and playing games with them.
"This is connected to the assistant nurses feeling in better health, more alert,and less stressed, and in that situation, it's possible to take the initiative to do activities," Lorentzon said.
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Despite these benefits, there's still the question of whether this idea makes financial sense.
The Svartedalen nursing home hired 17 extra nurses to ensure that the facility was properly staffed throughout the week, as reduced hours led to gaps in the care schedule. So far, the trial has cost $1.1 million, but according to the study, the addition of 17 jobs to the labor market has reduced the state's unemployment costs by $530,000.
"This is a political issue," Lorentzon said. "There's a lot of tension: Some political parties are against it; some parties would like to enlarge the trial."
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David Spencer, professor of economics and political economy at the University of Leeds in the UK, notes that the trial in Sweden is small in scale and focuses only on a particular sector, but he says it could be replicated in other sectors.
"Employers may baulk at the short-run costs of reducing work hours, but they could stand to gain along with their workers from the implementation of shorter work hour schemes. The degree to which experiments like this one can be replicated elsewhere will depend on the progressive outlook of employers and of state and national governments," Spencer wrote in an email.
It's a contentious issue, and companies rolling out reduced working hours are certainly in the minority -- but they do exist. Toyota centers in Gothenburg switched to a six-hour workday 14 years ago and reported higher profits and happier staff. Some companies in the UK are following suit, such as Agent Marketing in Liverpool and accounting firm Bright Horizon Cloud in Dorset.
Working in 'sprints'
Senshi Digital, a tourism agency based in Glasgow, Scotland, began experimenting with the six-hour workday in March after the company director, Chris Torres, watched an ITV documentary about reduced work hours. Inspired, he walked into the office a few days later and announced that it would try the new hours.
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"You should have seen the look on some of the staff's faces. They couldn't believe it," Torres said.
"They come in at 9:30 a.m. and finish at 3:30 p.m. ... They get paid the same amount as if they're doing an eight-hour day. In fact, most of them have had wage rises since we've implemented it," he said.
His staff members also have a 30-minute lunch break, but their day is far more structured than it used to be. They work in 45-minute "sprints" with five-minute breaks and announce at the start and end of the day what they've achieved in the time.
Despite the shorter hours, productivity has spiked. Torres adds that projects that used to take two or three months are now completed in one or two.
"You've got to work a little harder, stay a bit more focused," Torres said. "There's less chat when they're doing the 45-minute sprints ... so I suppose the studio doesn't have quite the buzz it used to. But at the end of the day, we all go out and have more lunches and dinners together.
"I take my daughter to school in the morning, which I never used to do. ... (After work), I help her out with homework, I feed my boy -- and I look at the clock, and before I know it, it's only just gone 5 o'clock."
For Torres and his team, the six-hour workday seems to have been a success, boosting cash flow and enabling the company to take on more projects -- but this is a small business with 10 employees, and Torres has heard plenty of arguments against it.
"I've heard people say it would never work for this industry or that industry. I always say, just trial it."
It might be time to have a word with your boss.
Commentary:
In my opinion as a student, this 6 hour workday is an effective way to avoid stressful life in the city. It makes the sprints hours of work become more productive and people got more focused. This system can also be implemented in school. We can start school at 8 and go home at 2 in the afternoon. Scientists also said that human's brain start functioning at 10 o'clock. So at least we still have an additional hours in the morning to enjoy life. We will have time to do our homework, socialize, learning things, doing hobbies, gather with family, and still go to bed not later than 10 o'clock. This can improve one's mood to study and help students to reach a better future. Students will be more focused in the quick hours of study with little breaks at a time. Same thing will also affect the teachers and other components in the school. Teachers will not be stressing over an exam paper late at night, and they can also be relaxed with their family.
